Fact Sheet by the Environmental Protection Agency
• On January 6, 2010, EPA proposed to strengthen the national ambient air quality standards
(NAAQS) for ground-level ozone, the main component of smog. The proposed revisions are
based on scientific evidence about ozone and its effects on people and the environment.
• EPA is proposing to strengthen the 8-hour “primary” ozone standard, designed to protect
public health, to a level within the range of 0.060-0.070 parts per million (ppm).
• EPA is also proposing to establish a distinct cumulative, seasonal “secondary” standard,
designed to protect sensitive vegetation and ecosystems, including forests, parks, wildlife
refuges and wilderness areas. EPA is proposing to set the level of the secondary standard
within the range of 7-15 ppm-hours.
• The proposed revisions result from a reconsideration of the identical primary and secondary
ozone standards set at 0.075 ppm in 2008.
• EPA is reconsidering the ozone standards to ensure that two of the nation’s most important
air quality standards are clearly grounded in science, protect public health with an adequate
margin of safety, and protect the environment. The ozone standards set in 2008 were not as
protective as recommended by EPA’s panel of science advisors, the Clean Air Scientific
Advisory Committee (CASAC). The proposed standards are consistent with CASAC’s
recommendations.
• The proposal to strengthen the primary standard places more weight on key scientific and
technical information, including epidemiological studies, human clinical studies showing
effects in healthy adults at 0.060 ppm, and results of EPA’s exposure and risk assessment.
• The proposal to set a distinct secondary standard places more weight on the importance of a
biologically relevant standard by recognizing that cumulative, seasonal exposure to ozone
harms sensitive vegetation.
• EPA will take public comment for 60 days following publication of the proposal in the
Federal Register. The agency also will hold public hearings on the proposal in the following
three locations:
• February 2, 2010
ƒ Arlington, Va.
ƒ Houston, Texas
• February 4, 2010
ƒ Sacramento, Calif.
• EPA will issue final standards by August 31, 2010.
Review of Science: Public Health
• Scientific evidence indicates that adverse public health effects occur following exposure to
ozone, particularly in children and adults with lung disease.
• Breathing air containing ozone can reduce lung function and inflame airways, which can
increase respiratory symptoms and aggravate asthma or other lung diseases. Ozone exposure
also has been associated with increased susceptibility to respiratory infections, medication
use, doctor visits, and emergency department visits and hospital admissions for individuals
with lung disease.
• Ozone exposure also increases the risk of premature death from heart or lung disease.
• Children are at increased risk from exposure to ozone because their lungs are still developing
and they are more likely to be active outdoors, which increases their exposure.
Review of Science: Public Welfare
• Scientific evidence shows that repeated exposure to ozone during the growing season
damages sensitive vegetation. Cumulative ozone exposure can lead to reduced tree growth;
visibly injured leaves; and increased susceptibility to disease, damage from insects and harsh
weather.
• Sensitive plant species that are potentially at increased risk from ozone exposure include
trees such as black cherry, quaking aspen, ponderosa pine and cottonwood. These trees are
found across the United States, including in protected parks and wilderness areas.
Review of Science: Technical Record
• The reconsideration is based on the scientific and technical record used in the March 2008
review, which included more than 1,700 scientific studies.
• In this reconsideration, EPA is not relying on studies about the health and ecological effects
of ozone that have been published since the science assessment to support the 2008 review
was completed. However, EPA conducted a provisional assessment of these newer studies
and found they do not materially change the conclusions of the Agency's earlier science
assessment. More information on the provisional assessment is available at:
http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=214003
DETERMINING COMPLIANCE: THE FORM OF THE STANDARDS
• When EPA sets air quality standards, it also must specify the measurement unit, or “form” of
each standard, which is used to determine whether an area is meeting the standards.
• For the primary standard, ozone concentrations are averaged over 8-hour periods. The fourthhighest 8-hour value at a particular monitor in the most recent year is averaged with the
fourth-highest 8-hour values from the previous two years. This produces a three-year
average. To meet the standard, the three-year average must be less than or equal to the level
of the standard. EPA did not reconsider the form of the primary standard. 3
• The proposed secondary standard is designed to protect sensitive vegetation from adverse
effects associated with cumulative ozone exposures during the three months when daytime
ozone concentrations are the highest. Specifically, the form of this new proposed secondary
standard is a “cumulative peak-weighted index,” called W126. The W126 index is calculated
by:
o “Weighting” each hourly ozone measurement occurring during the 12 daylight hours
(8:00 am to 8:00 pm) each day, with more weight given to higher concentrations.
This “peak weighting” emphasizes higher concentrations more than lower
concentrations, because higher concentrations are disproportionately more damaging
to sensitive trees and plants;
o Adding these 12 weighted hourly ozone measurements for each day, to get a
cumulative daily value;
o Summing the daily values for each month, to get a cumulative monthly value;
o Identifying the three consecutive months during the ozone season with the highest
index value, to get the cumulative seasonal index value, and;
o Averaging these maximum seasonal index values over three years.
• An area would meet the proposed secondary standard if the three-year average of the
cumulative seasonal index values is less than or equal to the level of the standard (i.e., 7-15
ppm-hours).
ESTIMATED TIMELINE FOR IMPLEMENTING THE PROPOSED STANDARDS
• EPA, states and tribes will work together to implement the ozone standards that result from
the reconsideration.
• EPA is proposing an accelerated schedule for designating areas for the primary ozone
standard. Also, EPA is taking comment on whether to designate areas for a seasonal
secondary standard on an accelerated schedule or a 2-year schedule.
• The accelerated schedule would be:
o By January 2011: States make recommendations for areas to be designated attainment,
nonattainment or unclassifiable.
o By July 2011: EPA makes final area designations.
o August 2011 Designations become effective.
o December 2013: State Implementation Plans, outlining how states will reduce pollution
to meet the standards, are due to EPA.
o 2014 to 2031: States are required to meet the primary standard, with deadlines depending
on the severity of the problem. 4
MONITORING FOR OZONE
• In a separate rule, EPA proposed in July 2009 to modify the ozone air quality monitoring
network design requirements. The proposed modifications would better support alternative
ozone standards, including the 2008 ozone standards and the ozone standards proposed in
this reconsideration.
• EPA is not proposing in this reconsideration to further modify the minimum monitoring
requirements for ozone.
• The already proposed monitoring revisions would change minimum monitoring requirements
in urban areas, add new minimum monitoring requirements in non-urban areas, and extend
the length of the required ozone monitoring season in many states.
o EPA proposed that urban areas with populations between 50,000 and 350,000
people operate at least one ozone monitor.
o EPA proposed that states be required to operate at least three ozone monitors in
non-urban areas.
• There are approximately 1,200 ozone monitors operating in the United States, with about
1,000 sited to represent urban areas and 200 to represent non-urban areas.
o EPA estimates that about 270 new ozone monitors could be required to satisfy the
proposed monitoring requirement. We expect the number of new monitors to be
considerably less because of the flexibility including in the proposal.
• EPA is considering comments received on the proposed monitoring requirements and plans
to issue a final rule in coordination with the final ozone standards in August 2010.
BACKGROUND
What is Ozone?
• Ozone is found in two regions of the Earth’s atmosphere – at ground level and in the upper
regions of the atmosphere. Both types of ozone have the same chemical composition (O3).
While upper atmospheric ozone forms a protective layer from the sun’s harmful rays, ground
level ozone is the main component of smog.
• Ground-level ozone is not emitted directly into the air, but forms through a reaction of
nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO) and
methane (CH4) in the presence of sunlight.
• Emissions from industrial facilities and electric utilities, motor vehicle exhaust, gasoline
vapors, and chemical solvents are the major man-made sources of NOx and VOCs.
• Because sunlight and hot weather accelerate its formation, ozone is mainly a summertime air
pollutant. Both urban and rural areas can have high ozone levels, often due to transport of
ozone or its precursors from hundreds of miles away.
Ozone and Public Health
• Exposures to ozone can:
o Reduce lung function, making it more difficult for people to breathe as deeply and
vigorously as normal,
o Irritate the airways, causing coughing, sore or scratchy throat, pain when taking a
deep breath and shortness of breath,
o Inflame and damage the airways,
o Increase frequency of asthma attacks,
o Increase susceptibility to respiratory infection, and
o Aggravate chronic lung diseases such as asthma, emphysema and bronchitis.
• In some people, these effects can lead to:
o Increased medication use among asthmatics,
o More frequent doctors visits,
o School absences,
o Increased emergency room visits and hospital admissions, and
o Increased risk of premature death in people with heart and lung disease.
• Groups that are at greater risk from ozone include:
o People with lung disease, especially children with asthma.
o Children and older adults.
o People who are active outside, especially children and people who work outdoors.
Ozone and the Environment
• Ground-level ozone can have harmful effects on sensitive vegetation and ecosystems. When
sufficient ozone enters the leaves of a plant, it can:
o Interfere with the ability of sensitive plants to produce and store food, leading to
reduced growth, making them more susceptible to certain diseases, insects, other
pollutants, competition and harsh weather.
o Visibly damage the leaves of trees and other plants, harming the appearance of
vegetation in urban areas, national parks, and recreation areas.
• These effects can have adverse impacts on ecosystems, including loss of species and changes
to habitat quality, and water and nutrient cycles.
About the NAAQS Process
• The Clean Air Act requires EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
for pollutants considered harmful to public health and the environment. National standards
exist for six pollutants: ozone, particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, sulfur
dioxide, and lead.
• For each of these pollutants, the Clean Air Act requires EPA to set the health-based or
“primary” standards at a level judged to be “requisite to protect the public health with an
adequate margin of safety” and establish secondary standards that are “requisite” to protect 6
public welfare from “any known or anticipated adverse effects associated with the pollutant
in the ambient air” including effects on vegetation, soils, water, wildlife, buildings and
national monuments, and visibility.
• The law also requires EPA to review the standards and their scientific basis every five years
to determine whether revisions are appropriate.
• The Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC) provides independent advice to the
EPA Administrator on the relevant scientific and technical information and on the standards.
HOW TO COMMENT
• EPA will accept public comments for 60 days after the proposed revisions to the ozone
standards are published in the Federal Register.
• Comments should be identified by Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2005 -0172 and submitted
by one of the following methods:
o Federal eRulemaking Portal (http://www.regulations.gov),
o e-mail (a-and-r-docket@epa.gov),
o Mail (EPA Docket Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Mail code 6102T, 1200
Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460), or
o Hand delivery (EPA Docket Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Room 3334,
1301 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC).
FOR MORE INFORMATION
• To download the Federal Register notice about the proposed revisions to the ozone standards,
visit www.epa.gov/ozonepollution.
• Today’s proposal and other background information are also available either electronically at
http://www.regulations.gov, EPA’s electronic public docket and comment system, or in
hardcopy at the EPA Docket Center’s Public Reading Room.
o The Public Reading Room is located in the EPA Headquarters Library, Room
Number 3334 in the EPA West Building, located at 1301 Constitution Ave., NW,
Washington, DC. Hours of operation are 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. eastern standard
time, Monday through Friday, excluding federal holidays.
o Visitors are required to show photographic identification, pass through a metal
detector, and sign the EPA visitor log. All visitor materials will be processed through
an X-ray machine as well. Visitors will be provided a badge that must be visible at
all times.
o Materials for this action can be accessed using Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR- 2005-
0172.
Editor's note -- The new standards have not been implemented yet. On December 8th, the EPA posted this notice on their website related to ozone emissions:
In January 2010 EPA proposed stricter standards for smog. As part of EPA's extensive review of the science, Administrator Jackson will ask the Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC) for further interpretation of the epidemiological and clinical studies they used to make their recommendation. To ensure EPA's decision is grounded in the best science, EPA will review the input CASAC provides before the new standard is selected. Given this ongoing scientific review, EPA intends to set a final standard in the range recommended by the CASAC by the end of July, 2011.
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